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演化機制
Endless Forms Most Beautiful
21.1 the Darwinian revolution
challenged traditional views
of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species
Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
Ideas About Change over time
lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
21.2 Descent with modification by
natural selection explains the
adaptations of organisms and
the unity and diversity of life
Darwin’s Research
The Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
Ideas from The Origin of Species
Key Features of Natural Selection
21.3 Evolution is supported by an
overwhelming amount of
scientific evidence
Direct observations of Evolutionary Change
Homology
the Fossil Record
Biogeography
What Is theoretical About Darwin’s view of life?
phylogenetic系統發生 Reconstruction
Investigating the tree of Life
22.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary
relationships
Binomial Nomenclature
Hierarchical Classification
Linking Classification and Phylogeny
What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
Applying Phylogenies
22.2 Phylogenies are inferred from
morphological and molecular
data
Morphological and Molecular Homologies
Sorting Homology from Analogy
Evaluating Molecular Homologies
22.3 Shared characters are used to
construct phylogenetic trees
Cladistics
Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths
Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood
Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses
22.4 An organism’s evolutionary
history is documented in its
genome
Gene Duplications and Gene Families
Genome Evolution
22.5 Molecular clocks help track
evolutionary time
Molecular Clocks
Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of HIV
22.6 Our understanding of the tree
of life continues to change
based on new data
From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer
微觀演化
the smallest Unit of evolution
23.1 Genetic variation makes
evolution possible
Genetic Variation
Sources of Genetic Variation
23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation
can be used to test whether a
population is evolving
Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies
The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift,
and gene flow can alter allele
frequencies in a population
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Effects of Genetic Drift: A Summary
Gene Flow
23.4 Natural selection is the only
mechanism that consistently
causes adaptive evolution
Natural Selection: A Closer Look
The key Role of Natural Selection in Adaptive Evolution
Sexual Selection
Balancing Selection
Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms
The Sickle-Cell Allele
物種和種化
that “Mystery of Mysteries”
24.1 The biological species concept
emphasizes reproductive isolation
The Biological Species Concept
Other Definitions of Species
24.2 Speciation can take place with or
without geographic separation
Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation
Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation
Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review
24.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that
cause reproductive isolation
Patterns Within Hybrid Zones
Hybrid Zones and Environmental Change
Hybrid Zones over Time
24.4 Speciation can occur rapidly
or slowly and can result from
changes in few or many genes
The Time Course of Speciation
Studying the Genetics of Speciation
From Speciation to Macroevolution
巨觀演化
A surprise in the Desert
25.1 Conditions on early Earth made
the origin of life possible
Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth
Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules
Protocells
Self-Replicating RNA
25.2 The fossil record documents the
history of life
The Fossil Record
How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated
The Origin of New Groups of Organisms
25.3 Key events in life’s history
include the origins of unicellular
and multicellular organisms and
the colonization of land
The First Single-Celled Organisms
The Origin of Multicellularity
The Colonization of Land
25.4 The rise and fall of groups of
organisms reflect differences in
speciation and extinction rates
Plate Tectonics
Mass Extinctions
Adaptive Radiations
25.5 Major changes in body form
can result from changes in the
sequences and regulation
of developmental genes
Effects of Developmental Genes
The Evolution of Development
Evolutionary Novelties
Evolutionary Trends
25.6 Evolution is not goal oriented