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動物結構
Diverse Forms(天擇跟適應所導致), Common Challenges
天擇favors those variations in a population that
increase relative fitness
例子desert ant (genus Cataglyphis)
stilt-like legs are disproportionately long 可以降溫、跑很快
anatomy 解剖
physiology 生理
40.1 形式和功能緊密相關
解剖構造受物理定律限制
convergent evolution導致fusiform, meaning tapered on both ends 以減少阻力
限制最大尺寸
thickerskeletons are required to maintain adequate support
affects
internal skeletons, such as those of vertebrates,
as well as external skeletons, such as those of insects and other arthropods
肌肉比例增加，以維持運動
40.2 回饋抑制維持內部環境
Homeostasis
Mechanisms of Homeostasis
Feedback Control in Homeostasis
Alterations in Homeostasis
40.3 用於體溫調節的穩態過程
Endothermy and Ectothermy
Variation in Body Temperature
Balancing Heat Loss and Gain
Acclimatization in Thermoregulation
Physiological Thermostats and Fever
40.4 能量需求與動物大小，活動和環境有關
Energy Allocation and Use
Quantifying Energy Use
Minimum Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation
Influences on Metabolic Rate
Torpor and Energy Conservation
Life Challenges and Solutions in Plants and Animals
化學訊號
the Body’s Long-Distance Regulators
41.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
Intercellular Communication
Chemical Classes of Local Regulators and Hormones
Cellular Hormone Response Pathways
Endocrine Tissues and Organs
41.2 賀爾蒙的回饋抑制、與神經系統合作
Simple Endocrine Pathways
Simple Neuroendocrine Pathways
Feedback Regulation
Coordination of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
Thyroid Regulation: A Hormone Cascade Pathway
Hormonal Regulation of Growth
41.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development,
and behavior
Parathyroid Hormone and vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium
Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress
Sex Hormones
Hormones and Biological Rhythms
Evolution of Hormone Function
消化
The Need to Feed
42.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
Essential Nutrients
Dietary Deficiencies
Assessing Nutritional Needs
42.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption,
and elimination
Four Main Feeding Mechanisms of Animals
Digestive Compartments
42.3 Organs specialized for sequential
stages of food processing form
the mammalian digestive system
The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
Digestion in the Stomach
Digestion in the Small Intestine
Absorption in the Small Intestine
Processing in the Large Intestine
42.4 Evolutionary adaptations of
vertebrate digestive systems
correlate with diet
Dental Adaptations
Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations
Mutualistic Adaptations
42.5 Feedback circuits regulate
digestion, energy storage,
and appetite
Regulation of Digestion
Regulation of Energy Storage
Regulation of Appetite and Consumption
運輸
trading places
43.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
Gastrovascular Cavities
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
43.2 Coordinated cycles of heart
contraction drive double
circulation in mammals
Mammalian Circulation
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat
43.3 Patterns of blood pressure and
flow reflect the structure and
arrangement of blood vessels
Blood Vessel Structure and Function
Blood Flow Velocity
Blood Pressure
Capillary Function
Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
43.4 Blood components function in
exchange, transport, and defense
Blood Composition and Function
Cardiovascular Disease
43.5 Gas exchange occurs across
specialized respiratory surfaces
Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange
Respiratory Media
Respiratory Surfaces
Gills in Aquatic Animals
Tracheal Systems in Insects
Lungs
43.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
How an Amphibian Breathes
How a Bird Breathes
How a Mammal Breathes
Control of Breathing in Humans
43.7 Adaptations for gas exchange
include pigments that bind
and transport gase
Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange
Respiratory Pigments
Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals
外分泌
A Balancing Act
44.1 Osmoregulation balances
the uptake and loss of water
and solutes
Osmosis and Osmolarity
Osmoregulatory Challenges and Mechanisms
Energetics of Osmoregulation
Transport Epithelia in Osmoregulation
44.2 An animal’s nitrogenous wastes
reflect its phylogeny and habitat
forms of nitrogenous Waste
The influence of Evolution and Environment on nitrogenous Wastes
44.3 Diverse excretory systems are
variations on a tubular theme
Excretory Processes
Survey of Excretory Systems
44.4 The nephron is organized for
stepwise processing of blood
filtrate
from Blood filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look
Solute Gradients and Water Conservation
Adaptations of the Vertebrate kidney to Diverse Environments
ion Movement and Gradients
44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney
function, water balance, and
blood pressure
Homeostatic Regulation of the kidney
繁殖
Let Me Count the Ways
45.1 Both asexual and sexual
reproduction occur in the
animal kingdom
Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction
Reproductive Cycles
Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
45.2 Fertilization depends on
mechanisms that bring together
sperm and eggs of the same
species
Ensuring the Survival of Offspring
Gamete Production and Delivery
45.3 Reproductive organs produce
and transport gametes
Human Male Reproductive Anatomy
Human Female Reproductive Anatomy
Gametogenesis
45.4 The interplay of tropic and sex
hormones regulates reproduction
in mammals
Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
Human Sexual Response
45.5 In placental mammals, an embryo
develops fully within the mother’s
uterus
Conception, Embryonic Development, and Birth
Maternal Immune Tolerance of the Embryo and Fetus
Contraception and Abortion
Modern Reproductive Technologies
發育
A Body-Building plan
46.1 Fertilization and cleavage initiate
embryonic development
Fertilization
Cleavage
46.2 Morphogenesis in animals
involves specific changes in cell
shape, position, and survival
Gastrulation
Developmental Adaptations of Amniotes
Organogenesis
The Cytoskeleton in Morphogenesis
46.3 Cytoplasmic determinants
and inductive signals regulate
cell fate
Fate Mapping
Axis Formation
Restricting Developmental Potential
Cell Fate Determination and Pattern Formation by Inductive Signals
Cilia and Cell Fate
防禦
Recognition and Response
47.1 In innate immunity, recognition
and response rely on traits
common to groups of pathogens
Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
Evasion of Innate Immunity by Pathogens
47.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors
provide pathogen-specific
recognition
Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies
Antigen Recognition by T Cells
B Cell and T Cell Development
47.3 Adaptive immunity defends
against infection of body fluids
and body cells
Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity
B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Host Cells
Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
Immunization
Active and Passive Immunity
Antibodies as Tools
Immune Rejection
47.4 Disruptions in immune system
function can elicit or exacerbate
disease
Exaggerated, Self-Directed, and Diminished Immune Responses
Evolutionary Adaptations of Pathogens That Underlie Immune System Avoidance
Cancer and Immunity
電訊號
Lines of Communication
48.1 Neuron structure and
organization reflect function
in information transfer
Neuron Structure and Function
Introduction to Information Processing
48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels
establish the resting potential
of a neuron
Formation of the Resting Potential
Modeling the Resting Potential
48.3 Action potentials are the signals
conducted by axons
Hyperpolarization and Depolarization
Graded Potentials and Action Potentials
Generation of Action Potentials: A Closer Look
Conduction of Action Potentials
48.4 Neurons communicate with
other cells at synapses
Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials
Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
Termination of Neurotransmitter Signaling
Modulated Signaling at Synapses
Neurotransmitters
神經調控
Command and Control Center
49.1 Nervous systems consist
of circuits of neurons and
supporting cells
Glia
Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally
specialized
Arousal and Sleep
Biological Clock Regulation
Emotions
functional imaging of the Brain
49.3 The cerebral cortex controls
voluntary movement and
cognitive functions
information Processing
language and Speech
lateralization of Cortical function
frontal lobe function
Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates
49.4 Changes in synaptic connections
underlie memory and learning
Neuronal Plasticity
Memory and learning
long-Term Potentiation
49.5 Many nervous system disorders
can now be explained in
molecular terms
Schizophrenia
Depression
The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction
Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease
future Directions
感覺和運動
sense and sensibility
50.1 Sensory receptors transduce
stimulus energy and transmit
signals to the central nervous
system
Sensory Reception and Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Amplification and Adaptation
Types of Sensory Receptors
50.2 In hearing and equilibrium,
mechanoreceptors detect moving
fluid or settling particles
Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates
Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals
Hearing and Equilibrium in Other Vertebrates
50.3 The diverse visual receptors
of animals depend on lightabsorbing pigments
Evolution of Visual Perception
The Vertebrate Visual System
50.4 The senses of taste and smell
rely on similar sets of sensory
receptors
Taste in Mammals
Smell in Humans
50.5 The physical interaction of
protein filaments is required
for muscle function
Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
Other Types of Muscle
50.6 Skeletal systems transform
muscle contraction into
locomotion
Types of Skeletal Systems
Types of Locomotion