植物學

 

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C6407910植物結構

Are Plants Computers?

35.1 Plants have a hierarchical

organization consisting of

organs, tissues, and cells

Basic Vascular Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves

Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissues

Common Types of Plant Cells

 

 

 

Examples of Differentiated Plant Cells

 

 

35.2 Different meristems generate

new cells for primary and

secondary growth

 

 

 

 

 

35.3 Primary growth lengthens

roots and shoots

Primary Growth of Roots

Primary Growth of Shoots

• Stem Growth and Anatomy
• Leaf Growth and Anatomy

 

 

 

 

 

35.4 Secondary growth increases

the diameter of stems and roots

in woody plants

The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue

The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm

Evolution of Secondary Growth

 

 

35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and

cell differentiation produce

the plant body

Model Organisms: Revolutionizing the Study of Plants

Growth: Cell Division and Cell Expansion

• The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division
• Orientation of Cell Expansion

Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation

Gene Expression and the Control of Cell Differentiation

Shifts in Development: Phase Changes

Genetic Control of Flowering

 

 

 

運輸

A Whole Lot of Shaking Going On

36.1 Adaptations for acquiring

resources were key steps in the

evolution of vascular plants

Shoot Architecture and Light Capture

• The Photosynthesis–Water Loss Compromise

Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals

 

 

 

36.2 Different mechanisms transport

substances over short or long

distances

The Apoplast and Symplast: Transport Continuums

Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma Membranes

Short-Distance Transport of Water Across Plasma Membranes

• How Solutes and Pressure Affect Water Potential
• Water Movement Across Plant Cell Membranes
• Aquaporins: Facilitating Diffusion of Water

Long-Distance Transport: The Role of Bulk flow

 

 

 

 

36.3 Transpiration drives the transport

of water and minerals from roots

to shoots via the xylem

Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Cells

Transport of Water and Minerals into the xylem

Bulk flow Transport via the xylem

• Pushing Xylem Sap: Root Pressure
• Pulling Xylem Sap:
• The Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis
• Transpirational Pull
• Cohesion and Adhesion in the Ascent of xylem Sap

xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk flow: A Review

 

 

36.4 The rate of transpiration

is regulated by stomata

Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss

Mechanisms of Stomatal Opening

and Closing

Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing

effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature

Adaptations That Reduce evaporative Water Loss

 

36.5 Sugars are transported from

sources to sinks via the phloem

Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks

Bulk flow by Positive Pressure: The Mechanism of Translocation in Angiosperms

 

 

 

 

36.6 The symplast is highly dynamic

Changes in Plasmodesmatal number and Pore Size

Phloem: An information Superhighway

electrical Signaling in the Phloem

 

 

 

 

 

營養

the Corkscrew Carnivore

37.1 Soil contains a living, complex

ecosystem

Soil Texture

Topsoil Composition

• Inorganic Components
• Organic Components

Soil Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture

• Irrigation
• Fertilization
• Adjusting Soil pH
• Controlling Erosion
• Phytoremediation

 

37.2 Plant roots absorb essential

elements from the soil

Essential Elements

Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency

Improving Plant Nutrition by Genetic Modification

• Resistance to Aluminum Toxicity
• Smart Plants

 

 

 

 

37.3 Plant nutrition often involves

relationships with other

organisms

Mutualism Across kingdoms and Domains

Bacteria and Plant Nutrition

• Rhizobacteria
• Bacteria in the Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria: A Closer look
• Nitrogen Fixation and Agriculture

Fungi and Plant Nutrition

• Mycorrhizae and Plant Evolution
• Types of Mycorrhizae
• Agricultural and Ecological Importance of Mycorrhizae

Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants

Unusual Nutritional Adaptations in Plants

 

 

 

 

 

 

繁殖

Flowers of Deceit

38.1 Flowers, double fertilization,

and fruits are key features

of the angiosperm life cycle

Flower Structure and Function

Methods of Pollination

The Angiosperm Life Cycle: An Overview

• Development of Female Gametophytes (Embryo Sacs)
• Development of Male Gametophytes in Pollen Grains

Sperm Delivery by Pollen Tubes

Double Fertilization

Seed Development

Seed Development and Structure: A Closer Look

• Endosperm Development
• Embryo Development
• Structure of the Mature Seed
• Seed Dormancy: An Adaptation for Tough Times

Sporophyte Development from Seed to Mature Plant

• Seed Germination
• Growth and Flowering

Fruit Structure and Function

 

 

 

 

38.2 Flowering plants reproduce

sexually, asexually, or both

Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization

Totipotency, Vegetative Reproduction, and Tissue Culture

• Vegetative Propagation and Grafting
• Test-Tube Cloning and Related Techniques

 

38.3 People modify crops by breeding

and genetic engineering

Plant Breeding

Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

• Reducing World Hunger and Malnutrition
• Reducing Fossil Fuel Dependency

The Debate over Plant Biotechnology

• Issues of Human Health
• Possible Effects on Nontarget Organisms
• Addressing the Problem of Transgene Escape

 

訊息傳遞和行為

stimuli and a stationary Life

39.1 Signal transduction pathways

link signal reception to response

Reception

Transduction

Response

• Post-translational Modification of Preexisting Proteins
• Transcriptional Regulation
• De-etiolation (“Greening”) Proteins

 

 

39.2 Plant hormones help coordinate

growth, development, and

responses to stimuli

A Survey of Plant Hormones

• Auxin
• The Role of Auxin in Cell Elongation
• Auxin’s Role in Plant Development
• Practical Uses for Auxins
• Cytokinins
• Control of Cell Division and Differentiation
• Control of Apical Dominance
• Anti-aging Effects
• Gibberellins
• Stem Elongation
• Fruit Growth
• Germination
• Abscisic Acid
• Seed Dormancy
• Drought Tolerance
• Ethylene
• The Triple Response to Mechanical Stress
• Senescence
• Leaf Abscission
• Fruit Ripening
• More Recently Discovered Plant Hormones
• Brassinosteroids
• Jasmonates
• Strigolactones

 

 

39.3 Responses to light are critical for

plant success

Blue-Light Photoreceptors

Phytochrome Photoreceptors

• Phytochromes and Seed Germination
• Phytochromes and Shade Avoidance

Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms

The Effect of Light on the Biological Clock

Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons

• Photoperiodism and Control of Flowering
• Critical Night Length
• A Flowering Hormone?

 

 

 

 

39.4 Plants respond to a wide variety

of stimuli other than light

Gravity

Mechanical Stimuli

Environmental Stresses

• Drought
• Flooding
• Salt Stress
• Heat Stress
• Cold Stress

 

 

 

 

39.5 Plants respond to attacks by

pathogens and herbivores

 

Defenses Against Pathogens

• PAMP-Triggered Immunity
• Effector-Triggered Immunity
• The Hypersensitive Response
• Systemic Acquired Resistance

Defenses Against Herbivores

Levels of Plant Defenses Against Herbivores