演化學
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演化機制
Endless Forms Most Beautiful
21.1 the Darwinian revolution
challenged traditional views
of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species
Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
Ideas About Change over time
lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
21.2 Descent with modification by
natural selection explains the
adaptations of organisms and
the unity and diversity of life
Darwin’s Research
The Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
Ideas from The Origin of Species
- Descent with Modification
- Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
Key Features of Natural Selection
21.3 Evolution is supported by an
overwhelming amount of
scientific evidence
Direct observations of Evolutionary Change
- Natural Selection in Response to Introduced Species
- The Evolution of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Homology
- Anatomical and Molecular Homologies
- Homologies and “Tree Thinking”
- A Different Cause of Resemblance: Convergent Evolution
the Fossil Record
Biogeography
What Is theoretical About Darwin’s view of life?
phylogenetic系統發生 Reconstruction
Investigating the tree of Life
22.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary
relationships
Binomial Nomenclature
Hierarchical Classification
Linking Classification and Phylogeny
What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
Applying Phylogenies
22.2 Phylogenies are inferred from
morphological and molecular
data
Morphological and Molecular Homologies
Sorting Homology from Analogy
Evaluating Molecular Homologies
22.3 Shared characters are used to
construct phylogenetic trees
Cladistics
- Shared Ancestral and Shared Derived Characters
- Inferring Phylogenies Using Derived Characters
Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths
Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood
Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses
22.4 An organism’s evolutionary
history is documented in its
genome
Gene Duplications and Gene Families
Genome Evolution
22.5 Molecular clocks help track
evolutionary time
Molecular Clocks
- Differences in Clock Speed
- Potential Problems with Molecular Clocks
Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of HIV
22.6 Our understanding of the tree
of life continues to change
based on new data
From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer
微觀演化
the smallest Unit of evolution
23.1 Genetic variation makes
evolution possible
Genetic Variation
Sources of Genetic Variation
- Formation of New Alleles
- Altering Gene Number or Position
- Rapid Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation
can be used to test whether a
population is evolving
Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies
The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Applying the Hardy-Weinberg Equation
23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift,
and gene flow can alter allele
frequencies in a population
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
- The Founder Effect
- The Bottleneck Effect
- Case Study: Impact of Genetic Drift on the Greater Prairie Chicken
Effects of Genetic Drift: A Summary
Gene Flow
23.4 Natural selection is the only
mechanism that consistently
causes adaptive evolution
Natural Selection: A Closer Look
- Relative Fitness
- Directional, Disruptive, and Stabilizing Selection
The key Role of Natural Selection in Adaptive Evolution
Sexual Selection
Balancing Selection
- Frequency-Dependent Selection
- Heterozygote Advantage
Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms
The Sickle-Cell Allele
物種和種化
that “Mystery of Mysteries”
24.1 The biological species concept
emphasizes reproductive isolation
The Biological Species Concept
- Reproductive Isolation
- Limitations of the Biological Species Concept
Other Definitions of Species
24.2 Speciation can take place with or
without geographic separation
Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation
- The Process of Allopatric Speciation
- Evidence of Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation
- Polyploidy
- Sexual Selection
- Habitat Differentiation
Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review
24.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that
cause reproductive isolation
Patterns Within Hybrid Zones
Hybrid Zones and Environmental Change
Hybrid Zones over Time
- Reinforcement: Strengthening Reproductive Barriers
- Fusion: Weakening Reproductive Barriers
- Stability: Continued Formation of Hybrid Individuals
24.4 Speciation can occur rapidly
or slowly and can result from
changes in few or many genes
The Time Course of Speciation
- Patterns in the Fossil Record
- Speciation Rates
Studying the Genetics of Speciation
From Speciation to Macroevolution
巨觀演化
A surprise in the Desert
25.1 Conditions on early Earth made
the origin of life possible
Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth
Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules
Protocells
Self-Replicating RNA
25.2 The fossil record documents the
history of life
The Fossil Record
How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated
The Origin of New Groups of Organisms
25.3 Key events in life’s history
include the origins of unicellular
and multicellular organisms and
the colonization of land
The First Single-Celled Organisms
- Photosynthesis and the Oxygen Revolution
- The First Eukaryotes
The Origin of Multicellularity
- Early Multicellular Eukaryotes
- The Cambrian Explosion
The Colonization of Land
25.4 The rise and fall of groups of
organisms reflect differences in
speciation and extinction rates
Plate Tectonics
- Consequences of Continental Drift
Mass Extinctions
- The “Big Five” Mass Extinction Events
- Is a Sixth Mass Extinction Under Way?
- Consequences of Mass Extinctions
Adaptive Radiations
- Worldwide Adaptive Radiations
- Regional Adaptive Radiations
25.5 Major changes in body form
can result from changes in the
sequences and regulation
of developmental genes
Effects of Developmental Genes
- Changes in Rate and Timing
- Changes in Spatial Pattern
The Evolution of Development
- Changes in Gene Sequence
- Changes in Gene Regulation
Evolutionary Novelties
Evolutionary Trends
25.6 Evolution is not goal oriented