動物學
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
|---|---|---|
| 2019-07-10 22:20 – 23:21 | r19 – r993 | |
顯示 diff（3 行未修改）
動物結構
- 40.1 Animal form and function are
- correlated at all levels
- of organization
- 40.2 Feedback control maintains
- the internal environment in
- many animals
- 40.3 Homeostatic processes for
- thermoregulation involve
- form, function, and behavior
- 40.4 Energy requirements are related
- to animal size, activity, and
- environment
+ Diverse Forms(天擇跟適應所導致), Common Challenges
+ 天擇favors those variations in a population that
+ increase relative fitness
+ 例子desert ant (genus Cataglyphis)
+ stilt-like legs are disproportionately long 可以降溫、跑很快
+ *
+
+
+
+
+ anatomy 解剖
+ physiology 生理
+
+ 40.1 形式和功能緊密相關
+ *Evolution of Animal Size and Shape
+ 解剖構造受物理定律限制
+ *
+ convergent evolution導致fusiform, meaning tapered on both ends 以減少阻力
+ 限制最大尺寸
+ thickerskeletons are required to maintain adequate support
+ affects
+ internal skeletons, such as those of vertebrates,
+ as well as external skeletons, such as those of insects and other arthropods
+
+ 肌肉比例增加，以維持運動
+
+ *Exchange with the Environment
+ *Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
+ *Coordination and Control
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 40.2 回饋抑制維持內部環境
+ *Regulating and Conforming
+
+ Homeostasis
+ Mechanisms of Homeostasis
+ Feedback Control in Homeostasis
+ Alterations in Homeostasis
+
+
+
+
+
+ 40.3 用於體溫調節的穩態過程
+ Endothermy and Ectothermy
+ Variation in Body Temperature
+ Balancing Heat Loss and Gain
+ *Insulation
+ *Circulatory Adaptations
+ *Cooling by Evaporative Heat Loss
+ *Behavioral Responses
+ *Adjusting Metabolic Heat Production
+ Acclimatization in Thermoregulation
+ Physiological Thermostats and Fever
+
+
+
+ 40.4 能量需求與動物大小，活動和環境有關
+ Energy Allocation and Use
+ Quantifying Energy Use
+ Minimum Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation
+ Influences on Metabolic Rate
+ * Size and Metabolic Rate
+ *Activity and Metabolic Rate
+ Torpor and Energy Conservation
+
+ Life Challenges and Solutions in Plants and Animals
+
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化學訊號
- 41.1 Hormones and other signaling
- molecules bind to target
- receptors, triggering specific
- response pathways
- 41.2 Feedback regulation and
- coordination with the nervous
- system are common in hormone
- pathways
- 41.3 Endocrine glands respond to
- diverse stimuli in regulating
- homeostasis, development,
+ the Body’s Long-Distance Regulators
+ 41.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
+
+ Intercellular Communication
+ *Endocrine Signaling
+ *Paracrine and Autocrine Signaling
+ *Synaptic and Neuroendocrine Signaling
+ *Signaling by Pheromones
+ Chemical Classes of Local Regulators and Hormones
+ * Classes of Local Regulators
+ *Classes of Hormones
+ Cellular Hormone Response Pathways
+ *Response Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones
+ *Response Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones
+ *Multiple Responses to a Single Hormone
+ Endocrine Tissues and Organs
+
+
+
+
+ 41.2 賀爾蒙的回饋抑制、與神經系統合作
+ Simple Endocrine Pathways
+ Simple Neuroendocrine Pathways
+ Feedback Regulation
+ Coordination of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
+ *Invertebrates
+ *Vertebrates
+ *Anterior Pituitary Hormones
+ * Posterior Pituitary Hormones
+ Thyroid Regulation: A Hormone Cascade Pathway
+ *Disorders of Thyroid Function and Regulation
+ Hormonal Regulation of Growth
+
+
+ 41.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development,
and behavior
+ Parathyroid Hormone and vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium
+ Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress
+ *The Role of the Adrenal Medulla
+ *Epinephrine’s multiple Effects: A Closer Look
+ * The Role of the Adrenal Cortex
+ Sex Hormones
+ *Endocrine Disruptors
+ Hormones and Biological Rhythms
+ Evolution of Hormone Function
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消化
- 42.1 An animal’s diet must supply
- chemical energy, organic building
- blocks, and essential nutrients
- 42.2 Food processing involves
- ingestion, digestion, absorption,
+ The Need to Feed
+ 42.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
+ Essential Nutrients
+ *Essential Amino Acids
+ *Vitamins
+ *Minerals
+ Dietary Deficiencies
+ *Deficiencies in Essential Nutrients
+ *Undernourishment
+ Assessing Nutritional Needs
+ *
+
+ 42.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption,
and elimination
+ Four Main Feeding Mechanisms of Animals
+ Digestive Compartments
+ *Intracellular Digestion
+ *Extracellular Digestion
+
+
+
42.3 Organs specialized for sequential
stages of food processing form
the mammalian digestive system
+
+ The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
+ Digestion in the Stomach
+ *Chemical Digestion in the Stomach
+ *Stomach Dynamics
+ Digestion in the Small Intestine
+ Absorption in the Small Intestine
+ Processing in the Large Intestine
+
+
42.4 Evolutionary adaptations of
vertebrate digestive systems
correlate with diet
+ Dental Adaptations
+ Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations
+ Mutualistic Adaptations
+ *Mutualistic Adaptations in Herbivores
+ *
+
+
+
42.5 Feedback circuits regulate
digestion, energy storage,
and appetite
+ Regulation of Digestion
+ Regulation of Energy Storage
+ * Glucose Homeostasis
+ *Diabetes Mellitus
+ *Type 1 Diabetes
+ *Type 2 Diabetes
+ Regulation of Appetite and Consumption
+
+ *
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運輸
- 43.1 Circulatory systems link exchange
- surfaces with cells throughout
- the body
+ trading places
+ 43.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
+ Gastrovascular Cavities
+ Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
+ Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
+ *Single Circulation
+ *Double Circulation
+ *Evolutionary Variation in Double Circulation
+ *
+
+
43.2 Coordinated cycles of heart
contraction drive double
circulation in mammals
+ Mammalian Circulation
+ The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
+ Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat
+
+
+
+
+
43.3 Patterns of blood pressure and
flow reflect the structure and
arrangement of blood vessels
+ Blood Vessel Structure and Function
+ Blood Flow Velocity
+ Blood Pressure
+ *Changes in Blood Pressure During the Cardiac Cycle
+ * Regulation of Blood Pressure
+ *Blood Pressure and Gravity
+ Capillary Function
+ Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
+
+
+
43.4 Blood components function in
exchange, transport, and defense
+ Blood Composition and Function
+ *Plasma
+ *Cellular Element
+ * Erythrocytes
+ *Leukocytes
+ *Platelets
+ *Stem Cells and the Replacement of Cellular Elements
+ * Blood Clotting
+ Cardiovascular Disease
+ *Atherosclerosis, Heart Attacks, and Stroke
+ *Risk Factors and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
+ *
+
+
+
43.5 Gas exchange occurs across
specialized respiratory surfaces
+ Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange
+ Respiratory Media
+ Respiratory Surfaces
+ Gills in Aquatic Animals
+ Tracheal Systems in Insects
+ Lungs
+ *Mammalian Respiratory Systems: A Closer Look
+ *
+
+
43.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
+ How an Amphibian Breathes
+ How a Bird Breathes
+ How a Mammal Breathes
+ Control of Breathing in Humans
+
+
+
+
43.7 Adaptations for gas exchange
include pigments that bind
and transport gase
+ Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange
+ Respiratory Pigments
+ *Carbon Dioxide Transport
+ Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals
+
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外分泌
+ A Balancing Act
44.1 Osmoregulation balances
the uptake and loss of water
and solutes
+ Osmosis and Osmolarity
+ Osmoregulatory Challenges and Mechanisms
+ *Marine Animals
+ *Freshwater Animals
+ *Animals That Live in Temporary Waters
+ *Land Animals
+ Energetics of Osmoregulation
+ Transport Epithelia in Osmoregulation
+
+
+
+
+
+
44.2 An animal’s nitrogenous wastes
reflect its phylogeny and habitat
+ forms of nitrogenous Waste
+ *Ammonia
+ *Urea
+ *Uric Acid
+ The influence of Evolution and Environment on nitrogenous Wastes
+
+
+
+
44.3 Diverse excretory systems are
variations on a tubular theme
+ Excretory Processes
+ Survey of Excretory Systems
+ *Protonephridia
+ *Metanephridia
+ *Malpighian Tubules
+ *Kidneys
+ *
+
+
44.4 The nephron is organized for
stepwise processing of blood
filtrate
+ from Blood filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look
+ Solute Gradients and Water Conservation
+ *Concentrating Urine in the Mammalian Kidney
+ Adaptations of the Vertebrate kidney to Diverse Environments
+ *Mammals
+ *Case Study: Kidney Function in the Vampire Bat
+ *Birds and Other Reptiles
+ *Freshwater Fishes and Amphibians
+ *Marine Bony Fishes
+ ion Movement and Gradients
+
+
+
+
+
+
44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney
function, water balance, and
- blood pressure
+ blood pressure
+ Homeostatic Regulation of the kidney
+ *Antidiuretic Hormone
+ *The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
+ *Coordinated Regulation of Salt and Water Balance
+ *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 繁殖
+ Let Me Count the Ways
+ 45.1 Both asexual and sexual
+ reproduction occur in the
+ animal kingdom
+ Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
+ Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction
+ Reproductive Cycles
+ Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
+
+
+ 45.2 Fertilization depends on
+ mechanisms that bring together
+ sperm and eggs of the same
+ species
+ Ensuring the Survival of Offspring
+ Gamete Production and Delivery
+
+
+
+
+ 45.3 Reproductive organs produce
+ and transport gametes
+ Human Male Reproductive Anatomy
+ *Testes
+ *Ducts
+ *Accessory Glands
+ *Penis
+ Human Female Reproductive Anatomy
+ *Ovaries
+ *Oviducts and Uterus
+ * Vagina and Vulva
+ *Mammary Glands
+ Gametogenesis
+ *Spermatogenesis
+ *Oogenesis
+ *
+
+
+
+ 45.4 The interplay of tropic and sex
+ hormones regulates reproduction
+ in mammals
+ Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
+ Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
+ *The Ovarian Cycle
+ *The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
+ *Menopause
+ *Menstrual Versus Estrous Cycles
+ Human Sexual Response
+ *
+
+
+
+
+ 45.5 In placental mammals, an embryo
+ develops fully within the mother’s
+ uterus
+ Conception, Embryonic Development, and Birth
+ *First Trimester
+ *Second and Third Trimesters
+ Maternal Immune Tolerance of the Embryo and Fetus
+ Contraception and Abortion
+ Modern Reproductive Technologies
+ *Detecting Disorders During Pregnancy
+ *Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization
+ *
+ *
+
+
+
+
+ 發育
+ A Body-Building plan
+ 46.1 Fertilization and cleavage initiate
+ embryonic development
+ Fertilization
+ *The Acrosomal Reaction
+ *The Cortical Reaction
+ *Egg Activation
+ *Fertilization in Mammals
+ Cleavage
+ *Cleavage Pattern in Frogs
+ *Cleavage Patterns in Other Animals
+ *
+ 46.2 Morphogenesis in animals
+ involves specific changes in cell
+ shape, position, and survival
+ Gastrulation
+ *Gastrulation in Frogs
+ *Gastrulation in Chicks
+ *Gastrulation in Humans
+ Developmental Adaptations of Amniotes
+ Organogenesis
+ *Neurulation
+ *Cell Migration in Organogenesis
+ *Organogenesis in Chicks and Insects
+ The Cytoskeleton in Morphogenesis
+ *Cell Shape Changes in Morphogenesis
+ *Cell Migration in Morphogenesis
+ *Programmed Cell Death
+ *
+
+
+
+ 46.3 Cytoplasmic determinants
+ and inductive signals regulate
+ cell fate
+ Fate Mapping
+ Axis Formation
+ *Axis Formation in the Frog
+ *Axis Formation in Birds, Mammals, and Insects
+ Restricting Developmental Potential
+ Cell Fate Determination and Pattern Formation by Inductive Signals
+ *The “Organizer” of Spemann and Mangold
+ *Formation of the Vertebrate Limb
+ Cilia and Cell Fate
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 防禦
+ Recognition and Response
+ 47.1 In innate immunity, recognition
+ and response rely on traits
+ common to groups of pathogens
+ Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
+ Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
+ *Barrier Defenses
+ *Cellular Innate Defenses
+ *Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins
+ *Inflammatory Response
+ Evasion of Innate Immunity by Pathogens
+
+
+
+
+ 47.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors
+ provide pathogen-specific
+ recognition
+ Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies
+ Antigen Recognition by T Cells
+ B Cell and T Cell Development
+ *Generation of B Cell and T Cell Diversity
+ *Origin of Self-Tolerance
+ *Proliferation of B Cells and T Cells
+ *Immunological Memory
+ *
+
+
+
+ 47.3 Adaptive immunity defends
+ against infection of body fluids
+ and body cells
+ Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity
+ B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
+ *Activation of B Cells
+ *Antibody Function
+ Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Host Cells
+ Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
+ Immunization
+ Active and Passive Immunity
+ Antibodies as Tools
+ Immune Rejection
+ * Blood Groups
+
+
+
+
+ 47.4 Disruptions in immune system
+ function can elicit or exacerbate
+ disease
+ Exaggerated, Self-Directed, and Diminished Immune Responses
+ *Allergies
+ *Autoimmune Diseases
+ *Exertion, Stress, and the Immune System
+ *Immunodeficiency Diseases
+ Evolutionary Adaptations of Pathogens That Underlie Immune System Avoidance
+ *Antigenic Variation
+ *Latency
+ *Attack on the Immune System: HIV
+ Cancer and Immunity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 電訊號
+ Lines of Communication
+ 48.1 Neuron structure and
+ organization reflect function
+ in information transfer
+ Neuron Structure and Function
+ Introduction to Information Processing
+
+
+ 48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels
+ establish the resting potential
+ of a neuron
+ Formation of the Resting Potential
+ Modeling the Resting Potential
+
+
+
+ 48.3 Action potentials are the signals
+ conducted by axons
+ Hyperpolarization and Depolarization
+ Graded Potentials and Action Potentials
+ Generation of Action Potentials: A Closer Look
+ Conduction of Action Potentials
+ *Evolutionary Adaptations of Axon Structure
+ *
+
+
+
+ 48.4 Neurons communicate with
+ other cells at synapses
+ Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials
+ Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
+ Termination of Neurotransmitter Signaling
+ Modulated Signaling at Synapses
+ Neurotransmitters
+ *Acetylcholine
+ *Amino Acids
+ *Biogenic Amines
+ *Neuropeptides
+ *Gases
+ *
+
+
+
+
+ 神經調控
+ Command and Control Center
+ 49.1 Nervous systems consist
+ of circuits of neurons and
+ supporting cells
+ Glia
+ Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System
+ The Peripheral Nervous System
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally
+ specialized
+ Arousal and Sleep
+ Biological Clock Regulation
+ Emotions
+ functional imaging of the Brain
+
+
+
+
+ 49.3 The cerebral cortex controls
+ voluntary movement and
+ cognitive functions
+ information Processing
+ language and Speech
+ lateralization of Cortical function
+ frontal lobe function
+ Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates
+
+
+
+
+ 49.4 Changes in synaptic connections
+ underlie memory and learning
+ Neuronal Plasticity
+ Memory and learning
+ long-Term Potentiation
+
+
+
+
+
+ 49.5 Many nervous system disorders
+ can now be explained in
+ molecular terms
+ Schizophrenia
+ Depression
+ The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction
+ Alzheimer’s Disease
+ Parkinson’s Disease
+ future Directions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 感覺和運動
+ sense and sensibility
+ 50.1 Sensory receptors transduce
+ stimulus energy and transmit
+ signals to the central nervous
+ system
+
+ Sensory Reception and Transduction
+ Transmission
+ Perception
+ Amplification and Adaptation
+ Types of Sensory Receptors
+ *Mechanoreceptors
+ *Chemoreceptors
+ *Electromagnetic Receptors
+ *Thermoreceptors
+ * Pain Receptors
+
+ 50.2 In hearing and equilibrium,
+ mechanoreceptors detect moving
+ fluid or settling particles
+ Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates
+ Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals
+ *Hearing
+ *Equilibrium
+ Hearing and Equilibrium in Other Vertebrates
+
+
+
+
+ 50.3 The diverse visual receptors
+ of animals depend on lightabsorbing pigments
+ Evolution of Visual Perception
+ *Light-Detecting Organs
+ *Compound Eyes
+ *Single-Lens Eyes
+ The Vertebrate Visual System
+ *Sensory Transduction in the Eye
+ *Processing of Visual Information in the Retina
+ *Processing of Visual Information in the Brain
+ *Color Vision
+ *The Visual Field
+ *
+
+
+
+ 50.4 The senses of taste and smell
+ rely on similar sets of sensory
+ receptors
+ Taste in Mammals
+ Smell in Humans
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 50.5 The physical interaction of
+ protein filaments is required
+ for muscle function
+ Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
+ *The Sliding-Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
+ *The Role of Calcium and Regulatory Proteins
+ *Nervous Control of Muscle Tension
+ *Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
+ *Oxidative and Glycolytic Fibers
+ *Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Fibers
+ Other Types of Muscle
+ *
+ *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 50.6 Skeletal systems transform
+ muscle contraction into
+ locomotion
+
+ Types of Skeletal Systems
+ * Hydrostatic Skeletons
+ *Exoskeletons
+ *Endoskeletons
+ Types of Locomotion
+ *Locomotion on Land
+ *Swimming
+ *Flying
+ *
+ *
+
+
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| 2019-07-10 22:20 | r18 | |
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|
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| 2019-07-10 22:20 – 22:20 | r5 – r17 | |
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-
+
+
+
+ 化學訊號
+ 41.1 Hormones and other signaling
+ molecules bind to target
+ receptors, triggering specific
+ response pathways
+ 41.2 Feedback regulation and
+ coordination with the nervous
+ system are common in hormone
+ pathways
+ 41.3 Endocrine glands respond to
+ diverse stimuli in regulating
+ homeostasis, development,
+ and behavior
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 消化
+ 42.1 An animal’s diet must supply
+ chemical energy, organic building
+ blocks, and essential nutrients
+ 42.2 Food processing involves
+ ingestion, digestion, absorption,
+ and elimination
+ 42.3 Organs specialized for sequential
+ stages of food processing form
+ the mammalian digestive system
+ 42.4 Evolutionary adaptations of
+ vertebrate digestive systems
+ correlate with diet
+ 42.5 Feedback circuits regulate
+ digestion, energy storage,
+ and appetite
+
+
+
+
+ 運輸
+ 43.1 Circulatory systems link exchange
+ surfaces with cells throughout
+ the body
+ 43.2 Coordinated cycles of heart
+ contraction drive double
+ circulation in mammals
+ 43.3 Patterns of blood pressure and
+ flow reflect the structure and
+ arrangement of blood vessels
+ 43.4 Blood components function in
+ exchange, transport, and defense
+ 43.5 Gas exchange occurs across
+ specialized respiratory surfaces
+ 43.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
+ 43.7 Adaptations for gas exchange
+ include pigments that bind
+ and transport gase
+
+
+
+
+
+ 外分泌
+ 44.1 Osmoregulation balances
+ the uptake and loss of water
+ and solutes
+ 44.2 An animal’s nitrogenous wastes
+ reflect its phylogeny and habitat
+ 44.3 Diverse excretory systems are
+ variations on a tubular theme
+ 44.4 The nephron is organized for
+ stepwise processing of blood
+ filtrate
+ 44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney
+ function, water balance, and
+ blood pressure
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| 2019-07-10 22:19 | r4 | |
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| 2019-07-10 22:19 – 22:19 | r1 – r3 | |
顯示 diff- Untitled
+ 動物學
This pad text is synchronized as you type, so that everyone viewing this page sees the same text. This allows you to collaborate seamlessly on documents!
+
+ 動物結構
+ 40.1 Animal form and function are
+ correlated at all levels
+ of organization
+ 40.2 Feedback control maintains
+ the internal environment in
+ many animals
+ 40.3 Homeostatic processes for
+ thermoregulation involve
+ form, function, and behavior
+ 40.4 Energy requirements are related
+ to animal size, activity, and
+ environment
+
+
+
|
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| 2019-07-10 22:19 | r0 | |
顯示 diff+ Untitled
+ This pad text is synchronized as you type, so that everyone viewing this page sees the same text. This allows you to collaborate seamlessly on documents!
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