各式各樣的生物
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
|---|---|---|
| 2019-07-10 23:41 – 00:09 | r38 – r526 | |
顯示 diff（1 行未修改）
病毒
+ A Borrowed Life
26.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid
surrounded by a protein coat
+ The Discovery of Viruses: Scientific Inquiry
+ Structure of Viruses
+ *Viral Genomes
+ *Capsids and Envelopes
+ *
+
+
+
26.2 Viruses replicate only in host
cells
+ General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles
+ Replicative Cycles of Phages
+ *The Lytic Cycle
+ *The Lysogenic Cycle
+ *Bacterial Defenses Against Phages
+ Replicative Cycles of Animal Viruses
+ *Viral Envelopes
+ *Viral Genetic Material
+ Evolution of Viruses
+
+
+
+
26.3 Viruses and prions are formidable
pathogens in animals and plants
+ Viral Diseases in Animals
+ Emerging Viruses
+ Viral Diseases in Plants
+ Prions: Proteins as Infectious Agents
+
+
+
+
原核
+ Masters of Adaptation
27.1 Structural and functional
adaptations contribute to
prokaryotic success
+ Cell-Surface Structures
+ Motility
+ *Evolutionary Origins of Bacterial Flagella
+ Internal Organization and DNA
+ Reproduction
+
+
+
+
+
+
27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation,
and genetic recombination
promote genetic diversity in
prokaryotes
+ Rapid Reproduction and Mutation
+ Genetic Recombination
+ *Transformation and Transduction
+ *Conjugation and Plasmids
+ *The F Factor in the Chromosome
+ *R Plasmids and Antibiotic Resistance
+ *
+
+
27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic
adaptations have evolved in
prokaryotes
+ The Role of Oxygen in Metabolism
+ Nitrogen Metabolism
+ Metabolic Cooperation
+
+
+
+
27.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into
a diverse set of lineages
+ An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity
+ Bacteria
+ Archaea
+
+
+
+
+
+
27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles
in the biosphere
+ Chemical Recycling
+ Ecological Interactions
+
+
+
27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial
and harmful impacts on humans
+ Mutualistic Bacteria
+ Pathogenic Bacteria
+ Prokaryotes in Research and Technology
+
+
+
真核
+ Living small
28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled
organisms
+
+ Structural and Functional Diversity in Protists
+ Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes
+ Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution
+ Plastid Evolution: A Closer Look
+
+
28.2 Excavates include protists with
modified mitochondria and
protists with unique flagella
+ Diplomonads and Parabasalids
+ Euglenozoans
+ *Kinetoplastids
+ *Euglenids
+ *
+
+
+
28.3 SAR is a highly diverse group
of protists defined by DNA
similarities
+ Stramenopiles
+ *Diatoms
+ *Golden Algae
+ *Brown Algae
+ *Alternation of Generations
+ Alveolates
+ *Dinoflagellates
+ *Apicomplexans
+ *Ciliates
+ Rhizarians
+ *Radiolarians
+ * Forams
+ *Cercozoans
+ *
+
+
+
+
28.4 Red algae and green algae are
the closest relatives of plants
+ Red Algae
+ Green Algae
+
+
28.5 Unikonts include protists that
are closely related to fungi
and animals
+ Amoebozoans
+ *Slime Molds
+ *Plasmodial Slime Molds
+ *Cellular Slime Molds
+ *Tubulinids
+ *Entamoebas
+ Opisthokonts
+
+
+
+
+
28.6 Protists play key roles in
ecological communities
-
+ Symbiotic Protists
+ Photosynthetic Protists
+
（1 行未修改）
nonvascular and seedless Vascular plants
29.1 Plants evolved from green algae
+ Morphological and Molecular Evidence
+ Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land
+ Derived Traits of Plants
+ The Origin and Diversification of Plants
+
+
+
+
29.2 Mosses and other nonvascular
plants have life cycles dominated
by gametophytes
+ Bryophyte Gametophytes
+ Bryophyte Sporophytes
+ The Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
+
+
+
29.3 Ferns and other seedless vascular
plants were the first plants
to grow tall
-
-
+ Origins and Traits of Vascular Plants
+ *Life Cycles with Dominant Sporophytes
+ *Transport in Xylem and Phloem
+ *Evolution of Roots
+ *Evolution of Leaves
+ *Sporophylls and Spore Variations
+ Classification of Seedless Vascular Plants
+ *Phylum Lycophyta: Club Mosses, Spikemosses, and Quillworts
+ *Phylum Monilophyta: Ferns, Horsetails, and Whisk Ferns and Relatives
+ The Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants
+ *
種子植物
+ transforming the World
+ The Greening of Earth
30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key
adaptations for life on land
+ Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes
+ Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants
+ Ovules and Production of Eggs
+ Pollen and Production of Sperm
+ The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds
+
+
30.2 Gymnosperms bear “naked”
seeds, typically on cones
+ The life Cycle of a Pine
+ Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms
+ Gymnosperm Diversity
+
+
+
+
+
30.3 The reproductive adaptations
of angiosperms include flowers
and fruits
+ Characteristics of Angiosperms
+ * Flowers
+ *Fruits
+ *The Angiosperm Life Cycle
+ Angiosperm Evolution
+ *Fossil Angiosperms
+ *Angiosperm Phylogeny
+ *Evolutionary Links with Animals
+ Angiosperm Diversity
+
+
+
+
30.4 Human welfare depends on seed
plants
-
+ Products from Seed Plants
+ Threats to Plant Diversity
+
- 真菌31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed
+ 真菌
+ Hidden networks
+ 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed
by absorption
+ Nutrition and Ecology
+ Body Structure
+ Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi
+
31.2 Fungi produce spores through
sexual or asexual life cycles
+ Sexual Reproduction
+ Asexual Reproduction
+
+
31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an
aquatic, single-celled, flagellated
protist
+ The Origin of Fungi
+ Basal Fungal Groups
+ The Move to land
+
+
+
31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse
set of lineages
+ Chytrids
+ Zygomycetes
+ Glomeromycetes
+ Ascomycetes
+ Basidiomycetes
+
+
+
+
31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient
cycling, ecological interactions,
and human welfare
-
+ Fungi as Decomposers
+ Fungi as Mutualists
+ *Fungus-Plant Mutualisms
+ *Fungus-Animal Mutualisms
+ *Lichens
+ Fungi as Parasites
+ Practical Uses of Fungi
+
動物
+ A Kingdom of Consumers
32.1 Animals are multicellular,
heterotrophic eukaryotes with
tissues that develop from
embryonic layers
+ Nutritional Mode
+ Cell Structure and Specialization
+ Reproduction and Development
+
+
+
32.2 The history of animals spans
more than half a billion years
+ Steps in the Origin of Multicellular Animals
+ Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–541 Million Years Ago)
+ Paleozoic Era (541–252 Million Years Ago)
+ Mesozoic Era (252–66 Million Years Ago)
+ Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to the Present)
+
32.3 Animals can be characterized
by “body plans”
+ Symmetry
+ Tissues
+ Body Cavities
+ Protostome and Deuterostome Development
+ *Cleavage
+ *Coelom Formation
+ *Fate of the Blastopore
+ *
+
32.4 Views of animal phylogeny
continue to be shaped by new
molecular and morphological data
-
+ The Diversification of Animals
+ future Directions in Animal Systematics
+
無脊椎
+ A Dragon Without a Backbone
33.1 Sponges are basal animals that
lack tissues
+
+
+
33.2 Cnidarians are an ancient phylum
of eumetazoans
+ Medusozoans
+ Anthozoans
+
+
+
33.3 Lophotrochozoans, a clade
identified by molecular data,
have the widest range of animal
body forms
+ Flatworms
+ *Free-Living Species
+ *Parasitic Species
+ *Trematodes
+ *Tapeworms
+ *
+ Maximizing Surface Area
+
+ Rotifers and Acanthocephalans
+ * Rotifers
+ *Acanthocephalans
+ Lophophorates: Ectoprocts and Brachiopods
+ Molluscs
+ *Chitons
+ *Gastropods
+ *Bivalves
+ *Cephalopods
+ *Protecting Freshwater and Terrestrial Molluscs
+ Annelids
+ *Errantians
+ *Sedentarians
+ *Leeches
+ *Earthworms
+ *
+ *
+
+
33.4 Ecdysozoans are the most
species-rich animal group
+ nematodes
+ Arthropods
+ *Arthropod Origins
+ *General Characteristics of Arthropods
+ *Chelicerates
+ *Myriapods
+ *Pancrustaceans
+ *Crustaceans
+ *Insects I
+ *
+
+
+
+
+
33.5 Echinoderms and chordates
are deuterostomes
-
+ Echinoderms
+ *Asteroidea: Sea Stars and Sea Daisies
+ *Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
+ *Echinoidea: Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
+ *Crinoidea: Sea Lilies and Feather Stars
+ *Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers
+ Chordates
+
（2 行未修改）
脊椎
+ Half a Billion years of Backbones
34.1 Chordates have a notochord
and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
+ Derived Characters of Chordates
+ *Notochord
+ *Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
+ *Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
+ *Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
+ Lancelets
+ Tunicates
+ Early Chordate Evolution
+
+
+
+
+
34.2 Vertebrates are chordates that
have a backbone
+ Derived Characters of Vertebrates
+ Hagfishes and Lampreys
+ *Hagfishes
+ *Lampreys
+ Early Vertebrate Evolution
+
+
+
+
+
34.3 Gnathostomes are vertebrates
that have jaws
+ Derived Characters of Gnathostomes
+ Fossil Gnathostomes
+ Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays,and Their Relatives)
+ Ray-Finned Fishes and Lobe-Fins
+ *Ray-Finned Fishes
+ *Lobe-Fins
+ *
+
+
+
+
+
+
34.4 Tetrapods are gnathostomes
that have limbs
+ Derived Characters of Tetrapods
+ The Origin of Tetrapods
+ Amphibians
+ *Salamanders
+ *Frogs
+ *Caecilians
+ *Lifestyle and Ecology of Amphibians
+ *
+
34.5 Amniotes are tetrapods that
have a terrestrially adapted egg
+ Derived Characters of Amniotes
+ Early Amniotes
+ Reptiles
+ *The Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of Reptiles
+ *Lepidosaurs
+ *Turtles
+ *Crocodilians
+ Birds
+ *The Origin of birds
+ *Living birds
+ *
+ *
+ *
+
+
+
+
34.6 Mammals are amniotes that
have hair and produce milk
+ Derived Characters of Mammals
+ Early Evolution of Mammals
+ Monotremes
+ Marsupials
+ Eutherians (Placental Mammals)
+ *Primates
+ * Derived Characters of Primates
+ *Living Primates
+ *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
34.7 Humans are mammals that
have a large brain and bipedal
locomotion
+ Derived Characters of Humans
+ The Earliest Hominins
+ Australopiths
+ bipedalism
+ Tool Use
+ Early Homo
+ neanderthals
+ Homo sapiens
+ *
|
||
| 2019-07-10 22:16 – 22:17 | r13 – r37 | |
顯示 diff（42 行未修改）
and animals
28.6 Protists play key roles in
- ecological communities
+ ecological communities
+
+
+
+
+ nonvascular and seedless Vascular plants
+ 29.1 Plants evolved from green algae
+ 29.2 Mosses and other nonvascular
+ plants have life cycles dominated
+ by gametophytes
+ 29.3 Ferns and other seedless vascular
+ plants were the first plants
+ to grow tall
+
+
+
+
+ 種子植物
+ 30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key
+ adaptations for life on land
+ 30.2 Gymnosperms bear “naked”
+ seeds, typically on cones
+ 30.3 The reproductive adaptations
+ of angiosperms include flowers
+ and fruits
+ 30.4 Human welfare depends on seed
+ plants
+
+
+ 真菌31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed
+ by absorption
+ 31.2 Fungi produce spores through
+ sexual or asexual life cycles
+ 31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an
+ aquatic, single-celled, flagellated
+ protist
+ 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse
+ set of lineages
+ 31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient
+ cycling, ecological interactions,
+ and human welfare
+
+
+
+
+ 動物
+ 32.1 Animals are multicellular,
+ heterotrophic eukaryotes with
+ tissues that develop from
+ embryonic layers
+ 32.2 The history of animals spans
+ more than half a billion years
+ 32.3 Animals can be characterized
+ by “body plans”
+ 32.4 Views of animal phylogeny
+ continue to be shaped by new
+ molecular and morphological data
+
+
+
+
+ 無脊椎
+ 33.1 Sponges are basal animals that
+ lack tissues
+ 33.2 Cnidarians are an ancient phylum
+ of eumetazoans
+ 33.3 Lophotrochozoans, a clade
+ identified by molecular data,
+ have the widest range of animal
+ body forms
+ 33.4 Ecdysozoans are the most
+ species-rich animal group
+ 33.5 Echinoderms and chordates
+ are deuterostomes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 脊椎
+ 34.1 Chordates have a notochord
+ and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
+ 34.2 Vertebrates are chordates that
+ have a backbone
+ 34.3 Gnathostomes are vertebrates
+ that have jaws
+ 34.4 Tetrapods are gnathostomes
+ that have limbs
+ 34.5 Amniotes are tetrapods that
+ have a terrestrially adapted egg
+ 34.6 Mammals are amniotes that
+ have hair and produce milk
+ 34.7 Humans are mammals that
+ have a large brain and bipedal
+ locomotion
|
||
| 2019-07-10 22:16 | r12 | |
顯示 diff（45 行未修改）
|
||
| 2019-07-10 22:15 – 22:16 | r10 – r11 | |
顯示 diff（9 行未修改）
原核
+ 27.1 Structural and functional
+ adaptations contribute to
+ prokaryotic success
+ 27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation,
+ and genetic recombination
+ promote genetic diversity in
+ prokaryotes
+ 27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic
+ adaptations have evolved in
+ prokaryotes
+ 27.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into
+ a diverse set of lineages
+ 27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles
+ in the biosphere
+ 27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial
+ and harmful impacts on humans
+
+
真核
+ 28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled
+ organisms
+ 28.2 Excavates include protists with
+ modified mitochondria and
+ protists with unique flagella
+ 28.3 SAR is a highly diverse group
+ of protists defined by DNA
+ similarities
+ 28.4 Red algae and green algae are
+ the closest relatives of plants
+ 28.5 Unikonts include protists that
+ are closely related to fungi
+ and animals
+ 28.6 Protists play key roles in
+ ecological communities
|
||
| 2019-07-10 22:15 | r9 | |
顯示 diff（12 行未修改）
|
||
| 2019-07-10 22:15 – 22:15 | r1 – r8 | |
顯示 diff- Untitled
+ 各式各樣的生物
- This pad text is synchronized as you type, so that everyone viewing this page sees the same text. This allows you to collaborate seamlessly on documents!
+ 病毒
+ 26.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid
+ surrounded by a protein coat
+ 26.2 Viruses replicate only in host
+ cells
+ 26.3 Viruses and prions are formidable
+ pathogens in animals and plants
+
+ 原核
+ 真核
|
||
| 2019-07-10 22:15 | r0 | |
顯示 diff+ Untitled
+ This pad text is synchronized as you type, so that everyone viewing this page sees the same text. This allows you to collaborate seamlessly on documents!
|
||