生態學
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生態學概論
Discovering ecology
氣候隨緯度和季節變化
Global Climate Patterns
Regional and Local Effects on Climate
- Seasonality
- Bodies of Water
- Mountains
Microclimate
Global Climate Change
terrestrial biomes
controlled by climate and disturbance
Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
General Features of Terrestrial Biomes
Disturbance and Terrestrial Biomes
Aquatic biomes
Zonation in Aquatic Biomes
Lakes
Wetlands
Streams and Rivers
Estuaries
Intertidal Zones
Oceanic Pelagic Zone
Coral Reefs
Marine Benthic Zone
Dispersal and Distribution
- Natural Range Expansions and Adaptive Radiation
- Species Transplants
Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors
- Temperature
- Water and Oxygen
- Salinity
- Sunlight
- Rocks and Soil
交互作用限制物種的分布
行為生態學
the How and Why of Animal Activity
同一刺激可引發簡單或複雜的反應
- Fixed Action Patterns
- Migration
Behavioral Rhythms
Animal Signals and Communication
- Forms of Animal Communication
- Pheromones
Learning
藉由經驗與行為建立特殊的連結
Experience and Behavior
Learning
- Imprinting
- Spatial Learning and Cognitive Maps
- Associative Learning
- Cognition and Problem Solving
- Development of Learned Behaviors
- Social Learning
行為的多樣性
源於Selection for individual survival and reproductive success
Evolution of Foraging Behavior
- Optimal Foraging Model
- Balancing Risk and Reward
Mating Behavior and Mate Choice
- Mating Systems and Sexual Dimorphism
- Mating Systems and Parental Care
- Sexual Selection and Mate Choice
- Mate Choice by Females
- Male Competition for Mates
- Applying Game Theory
行為生態學的基礎Genetic analyses和concept of inclusive fitness
Genetic Basis of Behavior
Genetic Variation and the Evolution of Behavior
- Case Study: Variation in Prey Selection
- Case Study: Variation in Migratory Patterns
Altruism
Inclusive Fitness
- Hamilton’s Rule and Kin Selection
- Reciprocal Altruism
Evolution and Human Culture
族群生態學
turtle tracks
生物和非生物因子
Density and Dispersion
- Density: A Dynamic Perspective
- Patterns of Dispersion
Demographics
- Life Tables
- Survivorship Curves
- Reproductive Rates
The exponential model
描述理想環境中，族群的生長狀況
Changes in Population Size
Exponential Growth
The logistic model
描述當族群接近其carrying capacity時，會成長的越來越慢
The Logistic Growth Model
The Logistic Model and Real Populations
Life history traits是天擇的產物
Diversity of Life Histories
“Trade-offs” and Life Histories
Density-dependent factors調控族群的成長
Population Change and Population Density
Mechanisms of Density-Dependent Population Regulation
Population Dynamics
- Stability and Fluctuation
- Population Cycles: Scientific Inquiry
- Immigration, Emigration, and Metapopulations
目前人口不再指數成長
The Global Human Population
- Regional Patterns of Population Change
- Age Structure
- Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy
Global Carrying Capacity
- Estimates of Carrying Capacity
- Limits on Human Population Size
生態多樣性和群落
Communities in Motion
Community interactions群落之間的互動關係
互助、傷害、無影響
Competition
- Competitive Exclusion
- Ecological Niches and Natural Selection
- Character Displacement
Exploitation
- Predation
- Herbivory
- Parasitism
Positive Interactions
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
Diversity多樣性 and trophic營養 structure結構
Species Diversity
Diversity and Community Stability
Trophic Structure
- Food Webs
- Limits on Food Chain Length
Species with a large Impact
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Controls
Disturbance
Characterizing Disturbance
Ecological Succession
Human Disturbance
Biogeographic factors
latitudinal Gradients
Area Effects
Island Equilibrium Model
Pathogens
Pathogens and Community Structure
Community Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases
生態系統中的能量和物質
transformed to tundra
物理定律
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Mass
Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels
Energy and other limiting factors 控制初級生產
Ecosystem Energy Budgets
- The Global Energy Budget
- Gross and Net Production
Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems
- Light Limitation
- Nutrient Limitation
Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Nutrient Limitations and Adaptations That Reduce Them
- Effects of Climate Change on Production
Q10定律
Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
Production Efficiency
Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids
物質循環
Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
Production Efficiency
Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates
Biogeochemical Cycles
Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
Restoration ecologists
Bioremediation
Biological Augmentation
Ecosystems: A Review
保育生物學
psychedelic treasure
人類活動的影響
Three Levels of Biodiversity
- Genetic Diversity
- Species Diversity
- Ecosystem Diversity
Biodiversity and Human Welfare
- Benefits of Species and Genetic Diversity
- Ecosystem Services
Threats to Biodiversity
- Habitat Loss
- Introduced Species
- Overharvesting
- Global Change
Population conservation
重點population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
Small-Population Approach
- The Extinction Vortex: Evolutionary Implications of Small Population Size
- Case Study: The Greater Prairie Chicken and the Extinction Vortex
- Minimum Viable Population Size
- Effective Population Size
- Case Study: Analysis of Grizzly Bear Populations
Declining-Population Approach
- Case Study: Decline of the Bengal Florican
Weighing Conflicting Demands
Landscape and regional conservation
Landscape Structure and Biodiversity
- Fragmentation and Edges
- Corridors That Connect Habitat Fragments
Establishing Protected Areas
- Preserving Biodiversity Hot Spots
- Philosophy of Nature Reserves
- Zoned Reserves
Urban Ecology
地球變化與人類活動
Nutrient Enrichment
Toxins in the Environment
Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
- Rising Atmospheric CO2 Levels
- Biological Effects of Climate Change
- Finding Solutions to Address Climate Change
Climate Change Has Effects at All Levels of Biological Organization
Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone
永續發展
Sustainable Development
- Case Study: Silverdale New Vision
The future of the Biosphere