細胞生物學
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細胞的結構和功能
the Fundamental Units of Life
7.1Biologists use microscopes
and biochemistry to study cells
Microscopy
Cell Fractionation
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal
membranes that compartmentalize
their functions
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
7.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic
instructions are housed in the
nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes
The nucleus: Information Central
Ribosomes: Protein Factories
7.4 The endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic functions
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
- Functions of Smooth ER
- Functions of Rough ER
The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments
The Endomembrane System: A Review
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts
change energy from one form
to another
The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
Peroxisomes: Oxidation
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of
fibers that organizes structures
and activities in the cell
Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility
Components of the Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Centrosomes and Centrioles
- Cilia and Flagella
- Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
- Intermediate Filaments
7.7 Extracellular components and
connections between cells help
coordinate cellular activities
Cell Walls of Plants
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
Cell Junctions
- Plasmodesmata in Plant Cells
- Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions in Animal Cells
7.8 A cell is greater than the sum
of its parts
細胞膜
Life at the edge
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid
mosaics of lipids and proteins
The Fluidity of Membranes
Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition
Membrane Proteins and Their Functions
The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition
Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes
8.2 Membrane structure results in
selective permeability
The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
Transport Proteins
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of
a substance across a membrane
with no energy investment
Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance
- Water Balance of Cells Without Cell Walls
- Water Balance of Cells with Cell Walls
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
8.4 Active transport uses energy
to move solutes against their
gradients
The Need for Energy in Active Transport
How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma
membrane occurs by exocytosis
and endocytosis
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
細胞傳訊
Cellular Messaging
9.1 External signals are converted
to responses within the cell
Evolution of Cell Signaling
local and long-Distance Signaling
The Three Stages of Cell Signaling: A Preview
9.2 Reception: A signaling molecule
binds to a receptor protein,
causing it to change shape
Receptors in the Plasma membrane
intracellular Receptors
9.3 Transduction: Cascades of
molecular interactions relay
signals from receptors to target
molecules in the cell
Signal Transduction Pathways
Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
Small molecules and ions as Second messengers
- Cyclic AMP
- Calcium Ions and Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3)
9.4 Response: Cell signaling leads
to regulation of transcription
or cytoplasmic activities
nuclear and Cytoplasmic Responses
Regulation of the Response
- Signal Amplification
The Specificity of Cell Signaling and Coordination of the Response
- Signaling Efficiency: Scaffolding Proteins and Signaling Complexes
- Termination of the Signal
9.5 Apoptosis integrates multiple
cell-signaling pathways
Apoptosis in the Soil Worm Caenorhabditis elegans
Apoptotic Pathways and the Signals That Trigger Them
細胞呼吸
Life Is Work
10.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy
by oxidizing organic fuels
Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
- The Principle of Redox
- Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration
- Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the Electron Transport Chain
The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview
10.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical
energy by oxidizing glucose
to pyruvate
10.3 After pyruvate is oxidized,
the citric acid cycle completes
the energy-yielding oxidation
of organic molecules
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
The Citric Acid Cycle
10.4 During oxidative phosphorylation,
chemiosmosis couples electron
transport to ATP synthesis
The Pathway of Electron Transport
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
10.5 Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce
ATP without the use of oxygen
Types of Fermentation
Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration
The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
10.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
connect to many other metabolic
pathways
The Versatility of Catabolism
Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)
Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms
光合作用
the process that Feeds the Biosphere
11.1 Photosynthesis converts light
energy to the chemical energy
of food
Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry
- The Splitting of Water
- Photosynthesis as a Redox Process
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview
11.2 The light reactions convert solar
energy to the chemical energy
of ATP and NADPH
The Nature of Sunlight
Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
Linear Electron Flow
Cyclic Electron Flow
A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
11.3 The Calvin cycle uses the
chemical energy of ATP and
NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
Phase 1: Carbon fixation.
Phase 2: Reduction
Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
11.4 Alternative mechanisms of
carbon fixation have evolved
in hot, arid climates
Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic?
C4 Plants
CAM Plants
11.5 Life depends on photosynthesis
有絲分裂
the Key Roles of Cell Division
12.1 Most cell division results in
genetically identical daughter cells
Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material
Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates
with interphase in the cell cycle
Phases of the Cell Cycle
The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look
Cytokinesis: A Closer Look
Binary Fission in Bacteria
The Evolution of Mitosis
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is
regulated by a molecular
control system
The Cell Cycle Control System
- The Cell Cycle Clock: Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
- Stop and Go Signs: Internal and External Signals at the Checkpoints
Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells